If you have been reading about GW501516 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-03-24. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Sporting authorities added GW501516 to prohibited lists after it appeared in athlete samples and online markets. The World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it as a hormone and metabolic modulator, and its use can lead to an anti-doping rule violation. Some early laboratory work suggested effects on fatty acid oxidation and endurance-related metabolism in animals, but those findings do not establish safe or effective use in people. Reports of adverse events in humans are scarce and often anecdotal, which complicates risk assessment.
Early clinical research explored GW501516 for lipid disorders, obesity, and diabetes. Some short-term human studies reported changes in HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The development program was discontinued after rodent studies showed dose-dependent tumor formation in multiple tissues, including liver, bladder, stomach, and skin. These findings raised concerns about long-term cancer risk in humans. Because human exposure data are limited, the clinical significance of the rodent tumors remains uncertain.
Literature on cardarine often separates receptor pharmacology from toxicology. Mechanistic papers describe PPARδ activation and gene expression changes, while safety assessments focus on carcinogenicity and species differences. Questions remain about whether rodent tumors arise through PPARδ-dependent or off-target mechanisms. Another open area is how human metabolism and exposure compare with those in animal studies. Analytical methods such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry are used to confirm identity in biological and product samples.
GW501516 acts as an agonist at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression. Activation shifts transcription toward genes involved in fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and energy expenditure. The compound does not bind the androgen receptor and therefore differs from anabolic steroids and SARMs. In rodent models, this metabolic shift has been linked to increased running endurance and reduced fat accumulation. The exact downstream pathways in humans remain incompletely characterized.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| IUPAC name | {4-[({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid | Systematic name for GW501516 |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the parent compound |
| Molecular formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Includes carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur |
| Molecular weight | 453.5 g/mol | Approximate value for the neutral form |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical description for purified laboratory material |
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
Regulatory treatment varies, but cardarine is not approved as a medicine. Sports authorities list GW501516 as a prohibited substance, and it is banned at all times under the World Anti-Doping Agency code. Many countries restrict sales for human consumption, while online vendors market it as a research chemical. Such products may lack purity data, and their actual contents can differ from the label. Purchasing or possessing cardarine may carry legal consequences depending on jurisdiction. The compound is not a dietary supplement ingredient in regulated markets.
Clinical development stopped after rodent studies showed tumors at multiple sites. Whether those findings predict human cancer risk remains an open question, but they led sponsors to discontinue programs. Human safety data are limited to small, short-term studies that were not designed to assess cancer risk. Reported effects in those studies included changes in blood lipids, but the evidence is insufficient for medical use. Long-term consequences of nonmedical use are not well characterized. Questions about dose, duration, and individual susceptibility remain unresolved.
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
Preclinical research reported that GW501516 increased running endurance in mice and improved lipid profiles in some animal species. Early human trials explored effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose handling, but the program was discontinued. Published human data are sparse and do not establish efficacy for any condition. Studies also examined PPAR delta in cancer biology, with conflicting findings across models. The relationship between receptor activation, tissue context, and disease risk remains an active area of investigation.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound studied for its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. It functions as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, or PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression. The molecule is not a steroid, nor is it a selective androgen receptor modulator. It is also known in research and sports literature as GW-501516 and endurobol. Early laboratory work examined its metabolic activity in cell cultures and animal models.
Activation of PPARδ changes transcription of genes involved in fatty acid transport, mitochondrial function, and skeletal muscle fuel preference. In rodent studies, pharmacological PPARδ activation was associated with increased endurance and altered body composition. These findings generated interest in performance enhancement, but species differences and study designs limit direct extrapolation to humans. Small human trials were conducted in the 2000s and later discontinued. The extent to which cardarine produces similar metabolic or performance effects in people remains an open question.
The compound is typically described as a laboratory compound rather than a therapeutic product. Published reports have explored its role in lipid disorders, insulin sensitivity, and exercise metabolism, yet no major drug regulator has approved it for medical use. Commercial samples sold under the cardarine name may vary in purity and identity. Analytical confirmation is therefore necessary when the material is discussed in scientific or regulatory contexts. Its classification as a prohibited substance in sport further shapes how it is studied and reported.
Osborn named the other specimen Dynamosaurus imperiosus in a paper in 1905. In 1906, Osborn recognized that the two skeletons were from the same species and selected Tyrannosaurus as the preferred name. In 1941, the T. rex type specimen was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for $7,000 (equivalent to $153,224 in 2025). The original Dynamosaurus material now resides in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London. From the 1910s through the end of the 1950s, Barnum's discoveries remained the only specimens of Tyrannosaurus, as the Great Depression and wars kept many paleontologists out of the field.
Zakharyan RA, Aposhian HV (1999). "Enzymatic reduction of arsenic compounds in mammalian systems: the rate-limiting enzyme of rabbit liver arsenic biotransformation is MMA(V) reductase". Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12 (12): 1278–83. doi:10.1021/tx9901231. PMID 10604879.
Deka Bike Robo (デカバイクロボ, Deka Baiku Robo): The Deka Bike's Tokusou Transformation and Deka Break's personal giant robot that is equipped with the twin wrist-mounted Sleeve Swords (スリーブソード, Surību Sōdo), which allow it to perform the Sword Tornado (ソードトルネード, Sōdo Torunēdo) finisher. Deka Wing Robo (デカウィングロボ, Deka Wingu Robo): The Dekarangers' second giant robot composed of the Pat Wings that dual wields the twin Pat Magnum (パトマグナム, Pato Magunamu) handguns, specializes in aerial and zero-g combat, and can perform the Double Heel Smash (ダブルヒールスマッシュ, Daburu Hīru Sumasshu) attack. It can also transform further into the Deka Wing Cannon (デカウィングキャノン, Deka Wingu Kyanon) to perform the Final Buster (ファイナルバスター, Fainaru Basutā) finisher on its own; the All Star Ultimate Buster (オールスター・アルティメットバスター, Ōru Sutā Arutimetto Basutā) finisher with Dekaranger Robo, Deka Bike Robo, and Deka Base Robo; and the Twin Robo Ultimate Buster (ツインロボ・アルティメットバスター, Tsuin Robo Arutimetto Basutā) with Deka Bike Robo. In the crossover film Mahō Sentai Magiranger vs. Dekaranger, the Deka Wing Cannon performs the Magi Final Buster (マジファイナルバスター, Maji Fainaru Basutā) finisher alongside the Magirangers' giant robot Magi Legend.
=== Obesity === Liraglutide may also be used together with diet and exercise for chronic weight management in adults. Liraglutide led to greater weight loss than some previous glucagon-like peptide analogues, but is less effective than the standard weight loss dose of semaglutide.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
There are more than 2.6 million cars in Moscow each day. This number has grown in recent years; as a result, traffic jams and insufficient parking space have become major problems. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD)—along with the Third Transport Ring and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring—is one of only three freeways running within city limits. Several other roadway systems form concentric circles around the city.
Nevertheless, other enzymes (peroxidases) including peroxiredoxins and glutathione peroxidases, which use thioredoxins or glutaredoxins as reducing substrates, also contribute to H2O2 removal in plants.
==== MeSH E05.393.620 – nucleic acid amplification techniques ==== MeSH E05.393.620.311 – ligase chain reaction MeSH E05.393.620.374 – self-sustained sequence replication MeSH E05.393.620.500 – polymerase chain reaction MeSH E05.393.620.500.650 – primed in situ labeling MeSH E05.393.620.500.687 – random amplified polymorphic dna technique MeSH E05.393.620.500.725 – Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
=== Vacuum systems === SSIMS experiments are performed in high vacuum for two reasons: first, to avoid scattering of the primary and secondary beams, and second, to prevent interfering adsorption of gases (i.e. oxygen) on the surface under investigation. For the first requirement, a pressure lower than 10−5 mbar is sufficient to ensure a mean free path that is long compared with the beam path. One monolayer of gas forms in 1 second at a pressure of 10−6 mbar. Thus for SSIMS analyses a pressure of ~ 10−10 mbar is needed to allow adequate time to complete the experiment.
A hybrid shipping container is a temperature-controlled shipping container that combines elements of passive and active thermal protection systems. Hybrid shipping containers commonly use phase-change material (PCM) and thermal energy storage units, sometimes referred to as a cold-energy battery, together with insulation and monitoring technologies to maintain temperature-sensitive products within specified ranges during transport.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
After these winds slow down, sub-tropical westerlies guide extratropical Western disturbances from the Mediterranean Region and the Middle East across northwestern India, bringing rain for winter crops and replenishing the glaciers in the Karakorams. By May, the sun bakes the Tibetan Plateau. Rising warm air generates a high-altitude anticyclone. This creates the Tropical Easterly Jet Stream over southern India, which draws moisture-laden southwesterly surface winds off the Indian Ocean. The Western Ghats intercept these winds, which release their moisture as orographic rain, leaving a large swath of peninsular India in the mountains' rain shadow. India’s interior plains rely on monsoon depressions for their rain. These low-pressure storm systems form over the Bay of Bengal and are steered clockwise and inland by the anticyclonic jet stream. They cause summer rainfall across India from June to September. However, rainfall fluctuates in cycles, alternating between active phases characterised by heavy rain and dry breaks.
=== Antibacterial activity === Certain antimicrobial biomolecules found in the spider silk of P. phalangioides are able to elicit an inhibitory effect on drug-resistant human pathogens including gram-positive bacteria L. monocytogenes, gram-negative E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. More generally, researchers are hoping that the anti-microbial biomolecules of this spider silk could serve as a natural anti-microbial agent in the future against a host of infectious bacterial diseases that are resistant to antibiotics.
In Greenland, local markets known as brætter sell food from wild animals, including seal meat, whale meat, reindeer meat, and polar bear meat. Brætter do not sell live animals, but most meat sold in brætter is fresh and recently butchered. While larger towns have purpose-built facilities, the brætter in smaller towns and village settlements sell seafood in open-air stands without running water or electricity. Only fresh meat was allowed to be sold in Nuuk at Kalaaliaraq Market, the largest fresh food market in Greenland, until 2018 when the government of Greenland began permitting the sale of dried and salted meat at Kalaaliaraq. Trichinosis is a common problem in Greenland due to the consumption of wild polar bear meat. In 2016, several people were infected with Trichinella roundworms from eating polar bear meat from a local brætter even though the meat had initially passed inspections. As of 2017, Trichinella inspections for seal and polar bear meat sold at brætter is not mandatory.
=== PGSS === In the PGSS method (Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions) the solid material is melted and the supercritical fluid is dissolved in it. However, in this case the solution is forced to expand through a nozzle, and in this way nanoparticles are formed. The PGSS method has the advantage that because of the supercritical fluid, the melting point of the solid material is reduced. Therefore, the solid melts at a lower temperature than the normal melting temperature at ambient pressure.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. Major drug regulators have not approved GW501516 for treating any medical condition. Products sold as cardarine are typically unapproved research chemicals or supplements, so their contents and safety are not assured.
It is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a hormone and metabolic modulator. Athletes who test positive for GW501516 can face sanctions, including suspensions and loss of results.
Cardarine is a common or trade-style name, while GW501516 is the research code for the same chemical entity. Some sources also use Endurobol or GSK-516. The names refer to the same compound, not distinct drugs.
It targets PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. It does not act primarily on androgen receptors. This distinction separates it from SARMs.