Everything below concerns Chromatographic purity. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Updated 2026-02-18. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Regulatory treatment varies, but cardarine is not approved as a medicine. Sports authorities list GW501516 as a prohibited substance, and it is banned at all times under the World Anti-Doping Agency code. Many countries restrict sales for human consumption, while online vendors market it as a research chemical. Such products may lack purity data, and their actual contents can differ from the label. Purchasing or possessing cardarine may carry legal consequences depending on jurisdiction. The compound is not a dietary supplement ingredient in regulated markets.
Clinical development stopped after rodent studies showed tumors at multiple sites. Whether those findings predict human cancer risk remains an open question, but they led sponsors to discontinue programs. Human safety data are limited to small, short-term studies that were not designed to assess cancer risk. Reported effects in those studies included changes in blood lipids, but the evidence is insufficient for medical use. Long-term consequences of nonmedical use are not well characterized. Questions about dose, duration, and individual susceptibility remain unresolved.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, an investigational compound developed in the 1990s for metabolic conditions. It acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and energy metabolism. The compound is frequently mislabeled as a selective androgen receptor modulator, or SARM, but its molecular target is different. GW501516 reached early clinical testing before development was discontinued. It has no approved therapeutic use in any country. The name cardarine is not a formal international nonproprietary name.
A common misconception is that cardarine has been proven safe for human use. In reality, human clinical data are limited, and long-term animal studies have raised concerns about cancer. Another misconception is that it is a supplement or vitamin-like compound. It is a synthetic research chemical with no approved medical indication. Scientific discussion often focuses on its mechanism and detection rather than therapeutic use. Regulatory and anti-doping literature treats it primarily as a prohibited substance.
Cardarine is explicitly prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency under the class of PPARδ agonists. Its presence in urine or blood samples can be detected using mass spectrometry-based methods, often liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Athletes who test positive may face sanctions, including bans from competition. The compound is also regulated as a prescription-only or unapproved drug in many countries. Enforcement varies by jurisdiction, and some regions treat it as a controlled substance. Online sales may occur despite these restrictions, creating quality and legal risks.
Laboratory detection of cardarine typically involves sample preparation followed by chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric identification. Urine is the most common matrix for anti-doping tests, though blood and hair have also been explored. Methods can target the parent compound or its metabolites, depending on the expected window of detection. Reference standards are required for accurate quantification. Matrix effects and dilution can influence results, so laboratories use internal standards and validation protocols. The exact detection window varies with dose, route, and individual metabolism.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | GW501516; GW-1516; endurobol | GW501516 is the research code |
| Drug class | PPARδ agonist | Not a selective androgen receptor modulator |
| Molecular formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Established chemical formula |
| Molar mass | 453.5 g/mol | Calculated from the formula |
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport; not approved as medicine | Status varies by country |
Human trials of GW501516 were small and short in duration. They examined lipid levels, glucose handling, and other metabolic markers, but the programs were halted after the animal cancer findings. No approved therapeutic product exists, and published human data are insufficient for establishing long-term safety. Reports of use for athletic performance come mainly from non-clinical settings and cannot be verified through controlled trials. Independent testing of products sold as cardarine has found inconsistent purity and labeling.
Laboratory studies indicate that GW501516 activates PPARδ, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. In rodent experiments, treated animals often showed increased endurance and reduced fat mass. These effects were observed under controlled conditions and do not establish safe or effective use in humans. The exact dose-response relationship in humans remains poorly characterized. Species differences in metabolism can affect how results translate across animals and people.
The compound is typically described as a laboratory compound rather than a therapeutic product. Published reports have explored its role in lipid disorders, insulin sensitivity, and exercise metabolism, yet no major drug regulator has approved it for medical use. Commercial samples sold under the cardarine name may vary in purity and identity. Analytical confirmation is therefore necessary when the material is discussed in scientific or regulatory contexts. Its classification as a prohibited substance in sport further shapes how it is studied and reported.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound studied for its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. It functions as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, or PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that influences gene expression. The molecule is not a steroid, nor is it a selective androgen receptor modulator. It is also known in research and sports literature as GW-501516 and endurobol. Early laboratory work examined its metabolic activity in cell cultures and animal models.
Activation of PPARδ changes transcription of genes involved in fatty acid transport, mitochondrial function, and skeletal muscle fuel preference. In rodent studies, pharmacological PPARδ activation was associated with increased endurance and altered body composition. These findings generated interest in performance enhancement, but species differences and study designs limit direct extrapolation to humans. Small human trials were conducted in the 2000s and later discontinued. The extent to which cardarine produces similar metabolic or performance effects in people remains an open question.
Quality assessment for cardarine samples usually combines identity, purity, and impurity testing. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry can confirm molecular structure, while high-performance liquid chromatography estimates purity. Certificates of analysis from testing laboratories may list these results, but they do not establish safety or legality. In the absence of approved manufacturing, products sold online may contain the wrong compound, variable amounts, or unlisted contaminants. Independent verification is therefore central to analytical work and to interpreting any reported biological activity.
Laboratory detection of GW501516 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The method can identify the parent compound or its metabolites in urine and blood after sample cleanup. Protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, or enzymatic hydrolysis may precede analysis, depending on the matrix. Reference standards are required for accurate quantification and confirmation. Because the compound is not approved, testing often occurs in anti-doping, forensic, or research settings rather than routine clinical care. Results are reported with limits of detection and quantification.
Stability of GW501516 depends on form, temperature, light exposure, and moisture. Solid reference material is typically stored frozen or refrigerated in a desiccator and protected from light. Solutions in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide are often kept frozen in aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycling. Aqueous solubility is low, so aqueous stock solutions can be difficult to prepare without cosolvents. Degradation may appear as changes in chromatographic purity or mass spectral signal. Stability studies are needed to establish shelf life for any specific preparation.
== Animal tissue == Animal tissues are grouped into four basic types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. Organs are formed by the functional grouping together of two or more different tissue types. While most animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For example, the origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ developmentally for different classifications of animals. Tissue appeared for the first time in the diploblasts, but modern forms only appeared in triploblasts. The epithelium in all animals is derived from the ectoderm and endoderm (or their precursor in sponges), with a small contribution from the mesoderm, forming the endothelium, a specialized type of epithelium that composes the vasculature. By contrast, a true epithelial tissue is present only in a single layer of cells held together via occluding junctions called tight junctions, to create a selectively permeable barrier. This tissue covers all organismal surfaces that come in contact with the external environment such as the skin, the airways, and the digestive tract. It serves functions of protection, secretion, and absorption, and is separated from other tissues below by a basal lamina. The connective tissue and the muscular are derived from the mesoderm. The nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm.
=== Cannabinoids in other plants === Phytocannabinoids occur in plants like Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Acmella oleracea, Helichrysum umbraculigerum, and Radula marginata. Echinacea species contain Anandamide-like alkylamides, with at least 25 identified, some showing affinity for CB2 receptors. These are concentrated in roots and flowers. Yangonin in kava has significant CB1 receptor affinity. Tea (Camellia sinensis) catechins show affinity for human cannabinoid receptors. Beta-caryophyllene, a terpene in cannabis and other plants, is a selective CB2 receptor agonist. Black truffles contain anandamide. Perrottetinene, a moderately psychoactive cannabinoid, is found in Radula varieties. Machaeriol A and related compounds occur in Machaerium plants. Most phytocannabinoids are nearly insoluble in water but soluble in lipids, alcohols, and other non-polar organic solvents.
In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and its largest source of energy was petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and nuclear power (9%). In 2022, the United States constituted about 4% of the world's population, but consumed around 16% of the world's energy. The U.S. ranks as the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases behind China. The U.S. is the world's largest producer of nuclear power, generating around 30% of the world's nuclear electricity. It also has the highest number of nuclear power reactors of any country. From 2024, the U.S. plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2050.
A laser microprobe mass spectrometer (LMMS), also laser microprobe mass analyzer (LAMMA), laser ionization mass spectrometer (LIMS), or laser ionization mass analyzer (LIMA) is a mass spectrometer that uses a focused laser for microanalysis. It employs local ionization by a pulsed laser and subsequent mass analysis of the generated ions.
, the disease decays and fades away over time. Using the differential equations of the SIR model and converting them to numerical discrete forms, one can set up the recursive equations and calculate the S, I, and R populations with any given initial conditions but accumulate errors over a long calculation time from the reference point. Sometimes a convergence test is needed to estimate the errors. Given a set of initial conditions and the disease-spreading data, one can also fit the data with the SIR model and pull out the three reproduction numbers when the errors are usually negligible due to the short time step from the reference point. Any point of the time can be used as the initial condition to predict the future after it using this numerical model with assumption of time-evolved parameters such as population,
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Fractyl Health is a Burlington, Massachusetts-based healthcare company focused on metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes. The company developed Revita, an outpatient endoscopic procedure to modify duodenal dysfunction, and Rejuva, a gene therapy platform in preclinical development to enable the pancreas to produce glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
=== Mathematics === RP (complexity), randomized polynomial time, a class in computational complexity theory Ranked Pairs, a Condorcet voting method Real projective line Real projective plane Real projective space
== Diagnostic use == Factor XIII levels are not measured routinely, but may be considered in patients with an unexplained bleeding tendency. As the enzyme is quite specific for monocytes and macrophages, determination of the presence of factor XIII may be used to identify and classify malignant diseases involving these cells.
=== Astrochemistry === Several GC–MS systems have left earth. Two were brought to Mars by the Viking program. Venera 11 and 12 and Pioneer Venus analysed the atmosphere of Venus with GC–MS. The Huygens probe of the Cassini–Huygens mission landed one GC–MS on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. The MSL Curiosity rover's Sample analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument contains both a gas chromatograph and quadrupole mass spectrometer that can be used in tandem as a GC–MS. The material in the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko was analysed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC–MS in 2014.
The texture of topical gels is less greasy as it contains a higher proportion of water compared with cream and ointment. These gels have an excellent spreading property and cooling effect due to solvent evaporation, and also has a higher retention time on the skin. Topical gels are more stable than creams and ointments, and can adhere well to the site of application. They form an occlusive layer on the application site that can act as a form of protection. They can be washed off easily and are nontoxic due to their unique composition and structure. They have minimal side effects due to their localized effect. Topical gels are convenient and easy to apply. The topical mode of action of topical gels is also non-invasive. These favorable factors of topical gels improve patient compliance and tolerability. The formulation and manufacturing processes of topical gels are relatively simpler and more cost effective than other semisolid dosage forms. The release profile of the gel can be modified by altering the properties of the gelator, allowing for continuous drug delivery. Topical gels are also eco-friendly, biocompatible and biodegradable. The drug can penetrate deeply into the skin and be directly delivered to the target site, as the topical application allows it to avoid hepatic first pass metabolism. Difficulties in gastrointestinal absorption caused by pH, enzymatic activity and drug-food interactions can be minimized, while at the same time avoiding GI irritation.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Necrophagous flies have several traits and adaptations that facilitate their feeding behavior. For example, blow flies and flesh flies have a well-developed sense of smell and are highly mobile. This enables them to rapidly detect and locate carrion. Also, flesh flies and some blow flies lay larvae instead of eggs. This gives these flies a competitive advantage over other slower-developing, egg-laying species. In addition, blow flies, flesh flies, muscid flies and black soldier flies have many defenses against the pathogens and toxins found in carrion. These include a protective lining in their midgut, antibiotic-producing microbiota species, and a large number of pattern recognition receptors, lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides and detoxification enzymes. The diversity and abundance of necrophagous fly species vary geographically and seasonally. For example, Chrysomya species are present in subtropical regions of the USA but are rare in most of Canada. This geographic variation is attributable to factors such as soil type and meteorological conditions, and the effects these have on carrion decomposition. Whether urbanization affects fly species richness is open to dispute. Seasonally, many necrophagous fly species are observed in higher abundance in summer, but Thyreophora cynophila is more active in winter. Flies play a critical role in forensic science as they are often the first insects to discover and colonize human remains. Blow flies can arrive within minutes and begin laying eggs in the nose, mouth and other openings.
== Disease eradication == Smallpox was certified as eradiated in 1980, showing to the world that a deadly disease can be wiped out by well-coordinated vaccination. This provided fuel for the growth of EPI and spawned strategies to eliminate other diseases:
==== Contemporary slavery and forced labor ==== The number of slaves today remains as high as 12 million to 27 million. This is probably the smallest proportion of slaves to the rest of the world's population in history. Most are debt slaves, largely in South Asia, who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders, sometimes even for generations. It is the fastest growing criminal industry and is predicted to eventually outgrow drug trafficking.
== Education == Frank completed her M.D. and Ph.D. in biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. She completed a clinical pathology residency at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. During her postdoctoral research fellowship in immunology, she focused on V(D)J recombination in developing lymphocytes in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute laboratory of Frederick Alt at the Boston Children's Hospital. As a faculty member, her studies included DNA repair mechanisms relevant to both cancer and immunology, followed by microbiological investigations of Staphylococcus aureus and enterobacteriaceae.
== Education and career == Kessler studied chemistry at the Leipzig University in 1958–1961. He completed his Master (Diplom) in 1963, and his PhD at 1966 with Eugen Müller at the University of Tübingen. In 1969, he underwent habilitation in organic chemistry. He was briefly a university lecturer at Tübingen, then he obtained an organic chemistry lecturer position at the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1989, he became Professor of organic chemistry and biochemistry at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), where he was in charge of overseeing the installation of one of the four 900 MHz NMR spectrometers in Germany at that time. At TUM, he was Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Earth Sciences from 1994 to 1996. From October 2008, he is a Carl-von-Linde Professor (Emeritus Professor of Excellence) at the TUM Institute for Advanced Study.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. Cardarine is GW501516, a PPARδ agonist, while SARMs act on androgen receptors. The two classes are often grouped in informal discussions despite different mechanisms.
No. It has no approved medical indication in any country. Regulatory agencies have not cleared it for treatment or prevention of any condition.
Early clinical work stopped after rodent carcinogenicity findings. Those animal results raised concerns about long-term human risk, although direct human evidence is lacking. The human relevance of the tumors remains an open scientific question.
Yes, WADA prohibits cardarine as a PPARδ agonist. It appears on the prohibited list and can be detected in urine or blood. Athletes using it risk sanctions.