Research chemical raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-19 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational chemical GW501516, also written GW-1516. It was developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist for metabolic conditions such as dyslipidemia. Early research focused on lipid handling and energy use in skeletal muscle and other tissues. The compound was never approved as a medicine. In public discussion, it is often grouped with performance-enhancing substances, although its receptor target differs from that of anabolic steroids or selective androgen receptor modulators. Regulatory and health authorities have issued warnings about its use.
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Prohibited in sport; not approved as medicine | Listed by WADA at all times. |
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, endurobol | Cardarine is a colloquial name. |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Detects parent compound and metabolites. |
| Common test matrix | Urine | Blood and dried blood spots also possible. |
| Legal classification | Varies by country | Often treated as unapproved drug or research chemical. |
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, also GW-1516, a synthetic compound developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonist. It belongs to a class of agents that modulate gene transcription related to lipid and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical and early clinical research for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not progress to approved therapeutic use. Its name appears in fitness and sports contexts despite not being approved as a drug.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that influences transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid transport, and energy homeostasis. GW501516 binds and activates this receptor with high selectivity relative to PPARα and PPARγ in laboratory assays. Activation alters expression of target genes in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in animal models. The exact clinical consequences of these changes in humans remain incompletely characterized, and observed effects in animals do not establish therapeutic benefit or safety.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Products sold as cardarine have been found to contain incorrect compounds, variable amounts, or no active ingredient at all. Independent testing is required to verify identity and purity. Common analytical approaches include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance for structural confirmation. These methods can distinguish GW501516 from related PPAR agonists and from unrelated steroids. For regulators and researchers, such verification is central to interpreting both biological results and adverse event reports.
Cardarine is prohibited in competitive sport under the World Anti-Doping Agency code, where it is classified as a metabolic modulator. It is not approved as a prescription medicine in the United States, European Union, or other major markets. Regulatory action has focused on its presence in sports and in products marketed as research chemicals. Because it has no accepted medical indication, supply is often unregulated. This status creates legal and safety uncertainties for anyone who encounters the substance.
Anti-doping laboratories detect GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be used in some programs. Detection depends on factors such as dose, timing, metabolism, and the sensitivity of the assay. Published methods describe limits of detection in the low nanogram per milliliter range for related compounds. Exact detection windows are not fixed for all situations and remain an area of ongoing study.
== Government plan == Lula has as some of his main proposals in his government plan: "the reconstruction of the country facing the economic crisis; with democracy, sovereignty, and peace; with the economic development and stability; with the fight against poverty; with education; with the implementation of a National System of Culture and extension of housing programmes".
== Receptors == The anuran BB4 receptor homologue is termed frog BB4 (fBB4). Iwabuchi et al. 2003 discovered a chicken (Gallus domesticus) receptor which is homologous to both the mammalian BB3 and fBB4 and so they named it chBRS-3.5.
The indigenous inhabitants of the Maluku Islands are Melanesian in origin and have been living in the Maluku archipelago since at least 30,000 BCE. However, due to later Austronesian migration waves from around 5,000 - 2,000 BCE, genetic studies detail the presence of varying levels of Austronesian mitochondrial DNA in populations on different islands in Maluku, whereas paternal genetic structure remains predominantly Melanesian in its make-up within the region. This explains a primarily maternal Austronesian influence on the Melanesian population that influenced the development of typical socio-linguistic elements and other areas within the Moluccan culture, making Malayo-Polynesian languages dominating in most of the region, with the exception of some areas where languages belonging to the West Papuan language group are still prevalent. Later added to this were several Dutch, Chinese, Portuguese, Spanish, Arabian and English influences, due to colonization, intermarriage with foreign traders during the Silk-route era and Middle Ages, and even with European soldiers during the World Wars. A small number of German descendants was added to Moluccan population, especially in Ambon, along with arrival of Protestant Missionaries since 16th century. After the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies during World War II, the Netherlands wished to restore the previous colonial system; however, indigenous Indonesians opposed this. A struggle for independence led by Sukarno and his rebel forces broke out in 1945 and lasted until 1950.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Treatment == After ER is diagnosed, treatment is applied to 1) avoid renal dysfunction and 2) alleviate symptoms. This should be followed by recommended rehabilitation program, exercise prescription (ExRx). Treatment involves extensive hydration normally done through IV fluid replacement with administration of normal saline until CK levels reduce to a maximum of 1,000 U/L. Proper treatment will ensure hydration and normalize muscle discomfort (pain), flu-like symptoms, CK levels, and myoglobin levels for patient to begin ExRx. Although sufficient evidence is currently lacking, supplementation with a combination of sodium bicarbonate and mannitol is commonly utilized to prevent kidney failure in rhabdomyolysis patients. Sodium bicarbonate alkalizes urine to stop myoglobin from precipitating in renal tubules. Mannitol has several effects, including vasodilatation of the renal vasculature, osmotic diuresis, and free-radical scavenging.
According to helium conservationists like Nobel laureate physicist Robert Coleman Richardson, writing in 2010, the free market price of helium has contributed to "wasteful" usage (e.g. for helium balloons). Prices in the 2000s had been lowered by the decision of the U.S. Congress to sell off the country's large helium stockpile by 2015. Richardson posited that the price of helium needed to be multiplied by 20 to eliminate excessive wasting of the gas. In a 2012 paper by Nuttall and colleagues titled "Stop squandering helium", they proposed to create an International Helium Agency that would build a sustainable helium market.
== Clinical correlation == Nerve entrapment is a complex lesion involving the multiple tissue types in a fascicle. There may be mixed lesions where individual tissue lesions contribute to the whole of the symptoms. Tissue injury may contribute to positive and/or negative symptoms, which can be attributed to the loss of nerve function and the hyperexcitability of nerve tissue. Additionally, nerve fibers may be differently affected by compression/ischema depending on their size, location and topography. Studies on human tissues have no found a clear correlation between the amount of structural damage to a nerve and the degree of symptoms. Patients can have significant symptoms without nerve fiber changes.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
However, on April 9, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that this event was postponed to a future date Instead Casey is scheduled to face Mara Romero Borella on May 16, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Overeem vs. Harris. She won the bout in the first round via submission through an armbar. This win earned her the Performance of the Night award. Casey faced Gillian Robertson on June 20, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Blaydes vs. Volkov. She lost the fight via a rear-naked choke submission in round three. Casey was expected to face Priscila Cachoeira on October 31, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 181. However the bout was called off the day of the weigh-ins as Cachoeira had issues cutting weight. Casey faced JJ Aldrich on March 13, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 187. She lost the fight via split decision. Casey was expected to face Liana Jojua on August 21, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 29. However, Jojua was forced out of the fight due to visa issues. The matchup was rescheduled at UFC Fight Night 197 on November 13, 2021. At the weigh-ins, Jojua weighed in at 128.5 pounds, two and a half pounds over the flyweight non-title fight limit. The bout proceeded at a catchweight with Jojua fined 30% of her purse, which went to her opponent Casey. Casey won the bout via unanimous decision. Casey was scheduled to face Antonina Shevchenko on April 30, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 35. However, the bout was postponed to July 9, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 39 due Shevchenko injured her knee in training. Casey lost the fight via split decision. Casey was scheduled to face Jasmine Jasudavicius on February 25, 2023, at UFC Fight Night 220.
The interference with mRNA proofreading has been exploited to treat genetic diseases that result from premature stop codons (leading to early termination of protein synthesis and truncated proteins). Aminoglycosides can cause the cell to overcome the stop codons, insert a random amino acid, and express a full-length protein. Gentamicin has been used to treat cystic fibrosis (CF) cells in the laboratory to induce them to grow full-length proteins. CF is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In approximately 10% of CF cases, the mutation in this gene causes its early termination during translation, leading to the formation of a truncated and non-functional CFTR protein. It is believed that gentamicin distorts the structure of the ribosome-RNA complex, leading to a mis-reading of the termination codon, causing the ribosome to "skip" over the stop sequence and to continue with the normal elongation and production of the CFTR protein. In a short randomized controlled trial, CF patients receiving gentamicin showed better electrophysiological parameters after treatment.
In November 1944, the division and several attached units were redesignated as Panzerkorps Großdeutschland. By March 1945, the Panzer Grenadier Division Großdeutschland had been reduced to around 4,000 men after the Battle of Memel. It had only one Sturmgeschütz III self-propelled gun, one Panzer IV, five Panthers, and six Tiger Is by 15 March 1945. By 25 April, the division was engaged in heavy fighting in the battles around Pillau. Eight hundred men of the division were evacuated on ferries via the Baltic Sea and surrendered to British forces in Schleswig-Holstein on 9 May. The rest were either killed or captured during the fighting in Pillau or surrendered to Soviet forces on 9 May on the Vistula spit.
== Function == Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide hormone that plays an important role in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system and in inflammatory response. It acts as a potent vasodilator, regulating vascular tone and blood pressure through both endothelium-dependent and independent mechanisms. ADM exerts protective effects on the cardiovascular system by inhibiting apoptosis in endothelial cells, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In the heart, it increases cardiac output and augments myocardial contractility. Beyond its cardiovascular functions, ADM demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory properties, modulating cytokine production and secretion in macrophages. It also contributes to the maintenance of vascular integrity, potentially reducing vascular permeability during inflammatory conditions. In addition, ADM has been implicated in angiogenesis, protection of organs, and tissue repair. Because of its wide-ranging effects, it has potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, and cardiovascular disorders.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Legal status varies by country. It is not approved as a medicine, and it is prohibited in sport. Some jurisdictions restrict import, sale, or possession.
Laboratories use liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect GW501516 and its metabolites. Urine is commonly tested, and testing can occur in and out of competition.
No, cardarine is not a SARM. It is a PPARδ agonist, which acts on a different receptor. The two classes are often confused in online discussions.
No. Cardarine is a PPARδ agonist, while selective androgen receptor modulators act on androgen receptors. The two classes differ in receptor target and downstream effects.